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Page 37 07 The Power and Value of Art Why Does Stolen Artwork Have No Real Value?

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Coordinates: 40°45′41.eight″N 73°58′39.4″W  /  40.761611°North 73.977611°W  / 40.761611; -73.977611

Fine art museum in Manhattan, New York Urban center

Museum of Modern Art
Museum of Modern Art logo.svg
MoMa NY USA 1.jpg
Established Nov 7, 1929; 92 years ago  (1929-eleven-07)
Location 11 Due west 53rd Street
Manhattan, New York City
Type Art museum
Visitors 706,060 (2020)[ane]
Managing director Glenn D. Lowry
Public transit access Subway: Fifth Avenue/53rd Street ("E" train​"M" train trains)
Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M7, M10, M20, M50, M104
Website www.moma.org

The Museum of Mod Art (MoMA) is an fine art museum located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, on 53rd Street between Fifth and 6th Avenues.

It plays a major office in developing and collecting mod art, and is often identified as one of the largest and most influential museums of modern art in the globe.[ii] MoMA's drove offers an overview of modern and contemporary art, including works of architecture and design, cartoon, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books and artist's books, picture show, and electronic media.[3]

The MoMA Library includes approximately 300,000 books and exhibition catalogs, more than 1,000 periodical titles, and more than 40,000 files of ephemera about individual artists and groups.[iv] The archives hold primary source fabric related to the history of modernistic and contemporary art.[v]

It attracted 706,060 visitors in 2020, a drop of threescore-5 percent from 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Information technology ranked xx-fifth on the list of nearly visited art museums in the world in 2020.[6]

History [edit]

Heckscher and other buildings (1929–1939) [edit]

The idea for the Museum of Modern Art was developed in 1929 primarily past Abby Aldrich Rockefeller (married woman of John D. Rockefeller, Jr.) and two of her friends, Lillie P. Elation and Mary Quinn Sullivan.[7] They became known variously as "the Ladies" or "the adamantine ladies".[8] [9] They rented modest quarters for the new museum in the Heckscher Edifice at 730 5th Avenue in Manhattan,[8] and it opened to the public on November 7, 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash.[10] Abby Rockefeller had invited A. Conger Goodyear, the former president of the board of trustees of the Albright Fine art Gallery in Buffalo, New York, to get president of the new museum. Abby became treasurer. At the time, it was America'due south premier museum devoted exclusively to modern art, and the first of its kind in Manhattan to exhibit European modernism.[11] One of Rockefeller'due south early recruits for the museum staff was the noted Japanese-American photographer Soichi Sunami (at that time best known for his portraits of mod dance pioneer Martha Graham), who served the museum as its official documentary photographer from 1930 until 1968.[12] [13]

Goodyear enlisted Paul J. Sachs and Frank Crowninshield to join him as founding trustees. Sachs, the associate manager and curator of prints and drawings at the Fogg Museum at Harvard University, was referred to in those days as a "collector of curators". Goodyear asked him to recommend a director and Sachs suggested Alfred H. Barr, Jr., a promising young protégé. Under Barr's guidance, the museum'due south holdings quickly expanded from an initial gift of viii prints and 1 drawing. Its first successful loan exhibition was in November 1929, displaying paintings by Van Gogh, Gauguin, Cézanne, and Seurat.[fourteen]

Commencement housed in 6 rooms of galleries and offices on the twelfth floor of Manhattan'due south Heckscher Building,[15] on the corner of Fifth Artery and 57th Street, the museum moved into iii more temporary locations within the next x years. Abby Rockefeller's husband, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., was adamantly opposed to the museum (also as to modernistic art itself) and refused to release funds for the venture, which had to be obtained from other sources and resulted in the frequent shifts of location. Nevertheless, he somewhen donated the state for the electric current site of the museum, plus other gifts over time, and thus became in effect i of its greatest benefactors.[16]

During that time the museum initiated many more exhibitions of noted artists, such equally the lone Vincent van Gogh exhibition on November 4, 1935. Containing an unprecedented 60-six oils and fifty drawings from the netherlands, likewise as poignant excerpts from the artist'due south letters, it was a major public success due to Barr'southward organization of the exhibit, and became "a precursor to the hold van Gogh has to this day on the gimmicky imagination".[17]

53rd Street (1939–present) [edit]

1930s to 1950s [edit]

The museum also gained international prominence with the hugely successful and now famous Picasso retrospective of 1939–40, held in conjunction with the Art Institute of Chicago. In its range of presented works, it represented a significant reinterpretation of Picasso for future art scholars and historians. This was wholly masterminded by Barr, a Picasso enthusiast, and the exhibition lionized Picasso as the greatest creative person of the time, setting the model for all the museum's retrospectives that were to follow.[18] Boy Leading a Equus caballus was briefly contested over buying with the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum.[19] In 1941, MoMA hosted the footing-breaking exhibition, "Indian Art of the United States" (curated past Frederic Huntington Douglas and Rene d'Harnoncourt), that changed the style Native American arts were viewed by the public and exhibited in fine art museums.

The entrance to The Museum of Modern Art

When Abby Rockefeller'southward son Nelson was selected past the lath of trustees to become its president, in 1939, at the historic period of 30; he was a flamboyant leader and became the prime number instigator and funding source of MoMA's publicity, acquisitions, and subsequent expansion into new headquarters on 53rd Street. His blood brother, David Rockefeller, also joined the museum's lath of trustees, in 1948, and took over the presidency, when Nelson was elected Governor of New York, in 1958.

David subsequently employed the noted architect Philip Johnson to redesign the museum garden and name it in honor of his mother, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden. He and the Rockefeller family in general have retained a close association with the museum throughout its history, with the Rockefeller Brothers Fund funding the institution since 1947. Both David Rockefeller, Jr. and Sharon Percy Rockefeller (wife of former senator Jay Rockefeller) sit on the board of trustees.[ citation needed ] Later the Rockefeller Guest House at 242 East 52nd Street was completed in 1950, some MoMA functions were held in the business firm until 1964.[20] [21]

In 1937, MoMA had shifted to offices and basement galleries in the Time-Life Building in Rockefeller Center. Its permanent and current home, now renovated, designed in the International Mode past the modernist architects Philip L. Goodwin and Edward Durell Rock, opened to the public on May 10, 1939, attended past an illustrious visitor of vi,000 people, and with an opening address via radio from the White House past President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[22]

1958 fire [edit]

On Apr fifteen, 1958, a burn down on the second floor destroyed an 18-foot (v.v m) long Monet Water Lilies painting (the current Monet Water Lilies was caused presently after the fire as a replacement). The fire started when workmen installing air conditioning were smoking near pigment cans, sawdust, and a canvass dropcloth. One worker was killed in the burn down and several firefighters were treated for smoke inhalation. Most of the paintings on the floor had been moved for the structure although big paintings including the Monet were left. Art work on the 3rd and fourth floors were evacuated to the Whitney Museum of American Art, which abutted it on the 54th Street side. Amid the paintings that were moved was A Lord's day Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, which had been on loan by the Art Institute of Chicago. Visitors and employees above the burn were evacuated to the roof and then jumped to the roof of an adjoining townhouse.[23]

1960–1982 [edit]

In 1969, the MoMA was at the middle of a controversy over its conclusion to withdraw funding from the iconic anti-war poster And babies. In 1969, the Fine art Workers Coalition (AWC), a group of New York Urban center artists who opposed the Vietnam War, in collaboration with Museum of Modernistic Fine art members Arthur Drexler and Elizabeth Shaw, created an iconic protestation poster called And babies.[24] The poster uses an prototype by photojournalist Ronald L. Haeberle and references the My Lai Massacre. The Museum of Mod Art (MoMA) had promised to fund and circulate the poster, just subsequently seeing the ii past iii foot affiche MoMA pulled financing for the project at the terminal minute.[25] [26] MoMA'due south Board of Trustees included Nelson Rockefeller and William Southward. Paley (head of CBS), who reportedly "hitting the ceiling" on seeing the proofs of the poster.[25] The affiche was included before long thereafter in MoMA'due south Data exhibition of July 2 to September 20, 1970, curated past Kynaston McShine.[27] Another controversy involved Pablo Picasso'southward painting Male child Leading a Equus caballus (1905–06), donated to MoMA by William Due south. Paley in 1964. The condition of the work every bit existence sold under duress by its German Jewish owners in the 1930s was in dispute. The descendants of the original owners sued MoMA and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, which has another Picasso painting, Le Moulin de la Galette (1900), one time owned past the aforementioned family, for return of the works.[28] Both museums reached a confidential settlement with the descendants before the case went to trial and retained their corresponding paintings.[nineteen] [29] [30] Both museums had claimed from the outset to be the proper owners of these paintings, and that the claims were illegitimate. In a joint statement the two museums wrote: "we settled simply to avert the costs of prolonged litigation, and to ensure the public continues to have access to these important paintings."[31]

1980–1999 [edit]

Stairs in the Museum of Mod Art

Cross-department of the Museum of Modern Art

In 1983, the Museum more than doubled its gallery and increased curatorial department by 30 percent, and added an auditorium, two restaurants and a bookstore in conjunction with the structure of the 56-story Museum Tower adjoining the museum.[32]

In 1997, the museum undertook a major renovation and expansion designed by Japanese architect Yoshio Taniguchi with Kohn Pedersen Fox. The projection, including an increase in MoMA'due south endowment to comprehend operating expenses, price $858 million in total. The projection near doubled the space for MoMA's exhibitions and programs and features 630,000 square feet (59,000 mii) of space. The Peggy and David Rockefeller Building on the western portion of the site houses the main exhibition galleries, and The Lewis B. and Dorothy Cullman Education and Inquiry Edifice provides space for classrooms, auditoriums, teacher grooming workshops, and the museum's expanded Library and Archives. These two buildings frame the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden, which was enlarged from its original configuration.

21st century [edit]

The museum was airtight for two years in connection with the renovation and moved its public-facing operations to a temporary facility called MoMA QNS in Long Island City, Queens. When MoMA reopened in 2004, the renovation was controversial. Some critics thought that Taniguchi's design was a fine instance of contemporary compages, while many others were displeased with aspects of the pattern, such equally the menstruum of the space.[33] [34] [35] In 2005, the museum sold land that it owned west of its existing building to Hines, a Texas real manor developer, under an agreement that reserved infinite on the lower levels of the building Hines planned to construct there for a MoMA expansion.[36]

In 2011, MoMA acquired an adjacent building constructed and occupied by the American Folk Fine art Museum on West 53rd Street. The building was a well-regarded structure designed past Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects and was sold in connexion with a financial restructuring of the Folk Art Museum.[37] When MoMA announced that it would demolish the building in connection with its expansion, there was outcry and considerable discussion about the issue, but the museum ultimately proceeded with its original plans.[38]

The Hines edifice, designed by Jean Nouvel and called 53W53, received construction approval in 2014.[39] Effectually the time of Hines' construction approval, MoMA unveiled its expansion plans, which encompass space in 53W53, as well equally construction on the former site of the American Folk Fine art Museum.[40] The expansion plan was adult by the architecture firm Diller Scofidio + Renfro in collaboration with Gensler. The first stage of structure began in 2014. In June 2017, patrons and the public were welcomed into MoMA to encounter the completion of the first phase of the $450 meg expansion to the museum.[41]

Spread over three floors of the art mecca off Fifth Artery are 15,000 square-feet (about 1,400 foursquare-meters) of reconfigured galleries, a new, second souvenir store, a redesigned cafe and espresso bar and, facing the sculpture garden, ii lounges graced with black marble quarried in France.[41]

The museum expansion projection increased the publicly accessibly space by 25% compared to when the Tanaguchi building was completed in 2004.[42] The expansion allowed for fifty-fifty more of the museum's collection of nearly 200,000 works to exist displayed.[41] The new spaces besides allow visitors to enjoy a relaxing sit-down in i of the two new lounges, or fifty-fifty take a fully catered meal.[41] The ii new lounges include "The Marlene Hess and James D. Zirin Lounge" and "The Daniel and Jane Och Lounge".[41] [43] The goal of this renovation is to assistance expand the collection and display of work by women, Latinos, blacks, Asians, and other marginalized communities.[44] In connectedness with the renovation, MoMA shifted its approach to presenting its holdings, moving away from separating the collection by disciplines such as painting, design and works on newspaper toward an integrated chronological presentation that encompasses all areas of the collection.[42]

The Museum of Modern Art closed for another circular of major renovations from June to October 2019.[44] [45] Upon reopening on October 21, 2019, MoMA added 47,000 square feet (iv,400 chiliadtwo) of gallery infinite,[46] and its total flooring area was 708,000 square feet (65,800 mtwo).[47] The expansion and refurbishment was overseen by the architectural firm of Diller Scofidio + Renfro.[48] The institution began offering free online classes in April 2014.[49]

Exhibition houses [edit]

The MoMA occasionally has sponsored and hosted temporary exhibition houses, which have reflected seminal ideas in architectural history.

  • 1949: exhibition house by Marcel Breuer
  • 1950: exhibition house past Gregory Ain[l]
  • 1955: Japanese Exhibition House by Junzo Yoshimura, reinstalled in Philadelphia, PA in 1957–58 and known now as Shofuso Japanese Firm and Garden
  • 2008: Prefabricated houses planned[51] [52] [53] past:
    • Kieran Timberlake Architects
    • Lawrence Sass
    • Organisation Architects: Jeremy Edmiston and Douglas Gauthier
    • Leo Kaufmann Architects
    • Richard Horden

Artworks [edit]

Claude Monet, Reflections of Clouds on the Water-Lily Swimming, c.1920

Considered by many to have the best collection of modern Western masterpieces in the globe, MoMA's holdings include more than 150,000 individual pieces in addition to approximately 22,000 films and 4 1000000 film stills. (Access to the collection of motion-picture show stills ended in 2002, and the collection is mothballed in a vault in Hamlin, Pennsylvania.[54]) The drove houses such important and familiar works as the following:

  • Francis Salary, Painting (1946)
  • Umberto Boccioni, The City Rises
  • Paul Cézanne, The Bather
  • Marc Chagall, I and the Village
  • Giorgio de Chirico, The Song of Dear
  • Salvador Dalí, The Persistence of Retentiveness
  • Max Ernst, Two Children Are Threatened by a Nightingale
  • Paul Gauguin, Te aa no areois (The Seed of the Areoi)
  • Albert Gleizes, Portrait of Igor Stravinsky, 1914
  • Jasper Johns, Flag
  • Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait With Cropped Hair
  • Roy Lichtenstein, Drowning Daughter
  • René Magritte, The Empire of Lights
  • René Magritte, False Mirror
  • Kazimir Malevich, White on White 1918
  • Henri Matisse, The Dance
  • Jean Metzinger, Landscape, 1912–1914
  • Piet Mondrian, Broadway Boogie-Woogie
  • Claude Monet, Water Lilies triptych
  • Barnett Newman, Cleaved Obelisk
  • Barnett Newman, Vir Heroicus Sublimis (Man, Heroic and Sublime)
  • Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
  • Jackson Pollock, I: Number 31, 1950
  • Henri Rousseau, The Dream, 1910
  • Henri Rousseau, The Sleeping Gypsy
  • Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night
  • Andy Warhol, Campbell's Soup Cans
  • Andrew Wyeth, Christina'due south Earth

Selected drove highlights [edit]

It also holds works past a broad range of influential European and American artists including Auguste Rodin, Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Joan Miró, Aristide Maillol, Piet Mondrian, Marcel Duchamp, Paul Klee, Fernand Léger, René Magritte, Henry Moore, Alberto Giacometti, Georgia O'Keeffe, Edward Hopper, Walker Evans, Dorothea Lange, Arshile Gorky, Hans Hofmann, Franz Kline, Willem de Kooning, Jackson Pollock, Marking Rothko, David Smith, Helen Frankenthaler, Morris Louis, Kenneth Noland, Robert Rauschenberg, Frank Stella, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and hundreds of others.

MoMA developed a world-renowned fine art photography collection first under Edward Steichen (1947–1961) and and so under Steichen'southward hand-picked successor John Szarkowski (1962–1991), which included photos by Todd Webb.[55] The section was founded past Beaumont Newhall in 1940.[56] Under Szarkowski, it focused on a more traditionally modernist approach to the medium, one that emphasized documentary images and orthodox darkroom techniques.

Motion picture [edit]

In 1932, museum founder Alfred Barr stressed the importance of introducing "the simply great art form peculiar to the twentieth century" to "the American public which should appreciate practiced films and support them". Museum Trustee and flick producer John Hay Whitney became the commencement chairman of the Museum'due south Film Library from 1935 to 1951. The drove Whitney assembled with the assistance of film curator Iris Barry was and so successful that in 1937 the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences commended the Museum with an award "for its pregnant piece of work in collecting films ... and for the first time making available to the public the means of studying the historical and aesthetic evolution of the motion moving-picture show every bit ane of the major arts".[57]

The first curator and founder of the Motion-picture show Library was Iris Barry, a British film critic and author, whose 3 decades of pioneering work in collecting films and presenting them in coherent artistic and historical contexts gained recognition for the picture palace as the major new art course of our century. Barry and her successors have built a collection comprising some viii thousand titles today, concentrating on assembling an outstanding drove of the important works of international film art, with accent being placed on obtaining the highest-quality materials.[58]

The exiled film scholar Siegfried Kracauer worked at the MoMA film archive on a psychological history of German motion picture between 1941 and 1943. The outcome of his study, From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film (1947), traces the birth of Nazism from the cinema of the Weimar Republic and helped lay the foundation of modern motion picture criticism.

Under the Museum of Modern Fine art Department of Motion picture, the film drove includes more than 25,000 titles and ranks as 1 of the world's finest museum archives of international film art. The department owns prints of many familiar characteristic-length movies, including Denizen Kane and Vertigo, but its holdings also contains many less-traditional pieces, including Andy Warhol's viii-hour Empire, Fred Halsted'south gay pornographic L.A. Plays Itself (screened before a chapters audition on Apr 23, 1974), various TV commercials, and Chris Cunningham's music video for Björk'due south All Is Full of Love.

Library [edit]

The MoMA library is located in Midtown Manhattan, with offsite storage in Long Isle Urban center, Queens. The non-circulating collection documents modern and gimmicky art including painting, sculpture, prints, photography, moving picture, performance, and architecture from 1880–present. The collection includes 300,000 books, ane,000 periodicals, and twoscore,000 files about artists and artistic groups. In that location are over eleven,000 creative person books in the collection.[59] The libraries are open by appointment to all researchers. The library'southward catalog is called "Dadabase".[four] Dadabase includes records for all of the material in the library, including books, artist books, exhibition catalogs, special collections materials, and electronic resources.[4] The Museum of Modern Art's collection of creative person books includes works by Ed Ruscha, Marcel Broodthaers, Susan Bee, Carl Andre, and David Horvitz.[60]

Additionally, the library has subscription electronic resource forth with Dadabase. These include periodical databases (such equally JSTOR and Art Full Text), auction results indexes (ArtFact and Artnet), the ARTstor paradigm database, and WorldCat wedlock itemize.[59]

Architecture and design [edit]

MoMA'due south Department of Compages and Blueprint was founded in 1932[61] equally the first museum section in the world defended to the intersection of compages and blueprint.[62] The department's commencement manager was Philip Johnson who served every bit curator between 1932–34 and 1946–54.[63] The next departmental caput was Arthur Drexler, who was curator from 1951 to 1956 and and then served equally head until 1986.[64]

The collection consists of 28,000 works including architectural models, drawings and photographs.[61] 1 of the highlights of the collection is the Mies van der Rohe Archive.[62] It as well includes works from such legendary architects and designers as Frank Lloyd Wright,[65] [66] [67] [68] Paul László, the Eameses, Betty Cooke, Isamu Noguchi, and George Nelson. The design collection contains many industrial and manufactured pieces, ranging from a cocky-aligning ball bearing to an entire Bell 47D1 helicopter. In 2012, the department acquired a option of 14 video games, the ground of an intended collection of 40 that is to range from Pac-Human being (1980) to Minecraft (2011).[69]

Management [edit]

Attendance [edit]

MoMA attracted 706,060 visitors in 2020, a drop of sixty-five per centum from 2019, due to the COVID-xix pandemic. Information technology ranked twenty-fifth on the Listing of about visited art museums in the world in 2020.[6]

MoMA has seen its average number of visitors rise from about 1.v one thousand thousand a twelvemonth to two.5 million after its new granite and glass renovation. In 2009, the museum reported 119,000 members and 2.8 meg visitors over the previous fiscal year. MoMA attracted its highest-ever number of visitors, 3.09 million, during its 2010 financial year;[70] however, attendance dropped 11 percent to 2.eight million in 2011.[71] Attendance in 2022 was two.viii million, down from 3.1 million in 2015.[72]

The museum was open every 24-hour interval since its founding in 1929, until 1975, when information technology closed one day a calendar week (originally Wednesdays) to reduce operating expenses. In 2012, it again opened every day, including Tuesday, the one mean solar day it has traditionally been airtight.[73]

Admission [edit]

The Museum of Modern Art charges an admission fee of $25 per adult.[74] Upon MoMA'due south reopening, its access toll increased from $12 to $20, making it one of the most expensive museums in the metropolis. However, it has gratis entry on Fridays after 5:30pm, every bit part of the Uniqlo Free Fri Nights program. Many New York surface area college students too receive gratis admission to the museum.[75]

Finances [edit]

A private not-profit system, MoMA is the seventh-largest U.S. museum by budget;[76] its annual revenue is nearly $145 million (none of which is profit). In 2011, the museum reported cyberspace assets (basically, a full of all the resources it has on its books, except the value of the art) of just over $one billion.

Unlike virtually museums, the museum eschews government funding, instead subsisting on a fragmented upkeep with a half-dozen different sources of income, none larger than a fifth.[77] Before the economic crisis of late 2008, the MoMA'southward lath of trustees decided to sell its equities in order to move into an all-cash position. An $858 million capital campaign funded the 2002–04 expansion, with David Rockefeller donating $77 million in cash.[76] In 2005, Rockefeller pledged an additional $100 million toward the museum's endowment.[78] In 2011, Moody's Investors Service, a bail rating bureau, rated $57 one thousand thousand worth of new debt in 2010 with a positive outlook and echoed their Aa2 bond credit rating for the underlying institution. The agency noted that MoMA has "superior financial flexibility with over $332 million of unrestricted fiscal resource", and has had solid attendance and record sales at its retail outlets effectually the metropolis and online. Some of the challenges that Moody's noted were the reliance that the museum has on the tourist industry in New York for its operating acquirement, and a large corporeality of debt. The museum at the time had a 2.4 debt-to-operating revenues ratio, simply it was as well noted that MoMA intended to retire $370 million worth of debt in the side by side few years. Standard & Poor'due south raised its long-term rating for the museum as information technology benefited from the fundraising of its trustees.[79] After construction expenses for the new galleries are covered, the Modern estimates that some $65 one thousand thousand will go to its $650 meg endowment.

MoMA spent $32 one thousand thousand to larn art for the fiscal twelvemonth catastrophe in June 2012.[80]

MoMA employed about 815 people in 2007.[77] The museum's tax filings from the past few years propose a shift among the highest paid employees from curatorial staff to management.[81] The museum'south director Glenn D. Lowry earned $one.6 million in 2009[82] and lives in a hire-free $6 million apartment in a higher place the museum.[83]

MoMA was forced to close in March 2022 during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York Metropolis.[84] Citing the coronavirus shutdown, MoMA fired its art educators in April 2020.[85] In May 2020, it was reported that MoMA would reduce its annual budget from $180 to $135 million starting July 1. Exhibition and publication funding was cut by half, and staff reduced from around 960 to 800.[84]

Cardinal people [edit]

Officers and the board of trustees [edit]

Currently, the lath of trustees includes 46 trustees and 15 life trustees. Even including the board'southward 14 "honorary" trustees, who do not accept voting rights and exercise not play as direct a role in the museum, this amounts to an average private contribution of more than $vii 1000000.[81] The Founders Wall was created in 2004, when MoMA's expansion was completed, and features the names of actual founders in improver to those who gave significant gifts; about a one-half-dozen names have been added since 2004. For example, Ileana Sonnabend's name was added in 2012, even though she was only 15 when the museum was established in 1929.[86]

Lath of trustees [edit]

Lath of trustees:

  • Wallis Annenberg
  • Sid R. Bass
  • Lawrence B. Benenson
  • Leon D. Black
  • Clarissa Alcock Bronfman
  • Patricia Phelps de Cisneros
  • Edith Cooper
  • Paula Crown
  • David Dechman
  • Anne Dias-Griffin
  • Glenn Dubin
  • John Elkann
  • Laurence D. Fink
  • Kathleen Fuld
  • Howard Gardner
  • Mimi Haas
  • Alexandra A. Herzan
  • Marlene Hess
  • Jill Kraus
  • Marie-Josée Kravis
  • Ronald S. Lauder
  • Thomas H. Lee
  • Michael Lynne
  • Khalil Gibran Muhammad
  • Philip S. Niarchos
  • James G. Niven
  • Peter Norton
  • Maja Oeri
  • Michael S. Ovitz
  • David Rockefeller Jr.
  • Sharon Percy Rockefeller
  • Richard E. Salomon
  • Marcus Samuelsson
  • Anna Marie Shapiro
  • Anna Deavere Smith
  • Jerry I. Speyer
  • Ricardo Steinbruch
  • Daniel Sundheim
  • Alice Thou. Tisch
  • Edgar Wachenheim 3
  • Gary Winnick

Directors [edit]

  • Alfred H. Barr, Jr. (1929–1943)
  • No manager (1943–1949; the job was handled by the chairman of the museum's coordination committee and the director of the Curatorial Department)[87] [88]
  • Rene d'Harnoncourt (1949–1968)
  • Bates Lowry (1968–1969)
  • John Brantley Hightower (1970–1972)
  • Richard Oldenburg (1972–1995)
  • Glenn D. Lowry (1995–present)

Chief curators [edit]

  • Philip Johnson, main curator of compages and design (1932–1934 and 1946–1954)
  • Arthur Drexler, chief curator of architecture and design (1951–1956)
  • Peter Galassi, chief curator of photography (1991–2011)[56] [89]
  • Cornelia Butler, chief curator of drawings (2006–2013)
  • Barry Bergdoll, primary curator of architecture and design (2007–2013)
  • Rajendra Roy, chief curator of motion picture (2007–present)
  • Ann Temkin, chief curator of painting and sculpture (2008–nowadays)[90]
  • Klaus Biesenbach, director of MoMA PS1 and chief curator at big (2009–2018)
  • Sabine Breitwieser, chief curator of media and performance art (2010–2013)
  • Christophe Cherix, chief curator of prints and illustrated books (2010–2013), drawings and prints (2013–present)
  • Paola Antonelli, director of research and development and senior curator of architecture and design (2012–present)
  • Quentin Bajac, chief curator of photography (2012–2018)
  • Stuart Comer, master curator of media and performance art (2014–present)
  • Martino Stierli, chief curator of architecture and design (2015–present)

Controversy [edit]

Women Artists Visibility Upshot (W.A.V.E.) [edit]

On June fourteen, 1984 the Women Artists Visibility Consequence (W.A.V.Due east.), a demonstration of 400 women artists, was held in front of the newly renovated Museum of Modern Art to protest the lack of female person representation in its opening exhibition, "An International Survey of Recent Painting and Sculpture". The exhibition featured 165 artists; simply 14 of which those were women.[91] [92]

Art repatriation issues [edit]

The MoMA has been involved in several claims initiated past families for artworks lost in the Holocaust which ended up in the collection of the Museum of Modernistic Art.[93]

In 2009, the heirs of High german creative person George Grosz filed a lawsuit seeking restitution of 3 works by Grosz, and the heirs of Paul von Mendelssohn-Bartholdy filed a lawsuit enervating the return of the painting by Pablo Picasso, entitled Boy Leading a Horse (1905–1906).[94] [95] [96]

In another case, afterwards a decade long court fight, in 2022 the MoMA returned a painting entitled Sand Hills by German artist Ernst Ludwig Kirchner to the Fischer family because it had been stolen by Nazis.[97]

Strike MoMA [edit]

Strike MoMA is a 2022 motion to strike the museum targeting what its supporters have chosen the "toxic philanthropy" of the museum's leadership.[98] [99]

Encounter also [edit]

  • List of museums and cultural institutions in New York Metropolis
  • List of most-visited museums in the The states
  • Dorothy Canning Miller
  • Sam Hunter
  • Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
  • Talk to Me (exhibition)
  • The Family of Human being exhibit (1955)
  • WikiProject MoMA

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ The Art Newspaper, Listing of virtually-visited museums in 2020, March 31, 2021
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Sources [edit]

  • Allan, Kenneth R. "Understanding Information", in Conceptual Art: Theory, Myth, and Practise. Ed. Michael Corris. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. pp. 144–168.
  • Barr, Alfred H; Sandler, Irving; Newman, Amy (January 1, 1986). Defining modern art: selected writings of Alfred H. Barr, Jr . New York: Abrams. ISBN0810907151.
  • Bee, Harriet Due south. and Michelle Elligott. Art in Our Time. A Chronicle of the Museum of Modernistic Art, New York 2004, ISBN 0-87070-001-4.
  • Fitzgerald, Michael C. Making Modernism: Picasso and the Creation of the Market place for Twentieth-Century Art. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1995.
  • Geiger, Stephan. The Fine art of Aggregation. The Museum of Modern Art, 1961. Dice neue Realität der Kunst in den frühen sechziger Jahren, (Diss. University Bonn 2005), München 2008, ISBN 978-3-88960-098-ane.
  • Harr, John Ensor and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America'southward Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
  • Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Adult female in the Family. New York: Random Business firm, 1993.
  • Lynes, Russell, Good Erstwhile Mod: An Intimate Portrait of the Museum of Modern Art, New York: Athenaeum, 1973.
  • Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908–1958. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
  • Rockefeller, David (2003). Memoirs. New York: Random House. ISBN978-0812969733.
  • Schulze, Franz (June 15, 1996). Philip Johnson: Life and Piece of work. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN978-0226740584.
  • Staniszewski, Mary Anne (1998). The Power of Display. A History of Exhibition Installations at the Museum of Modernistic Art. MIT Press. ISBN978-0262194020.
  • Wilson, Kristina (2009). The Modernistic Eye: Stieglitz, MoMA, and the Fine art of the Exhibition, 1925–1934. New Haven: Yale Academy Press. ISBN978-0300149166.
  • Lowry, Glenn D. (2009). The Museum of Modern Art in this Century. Museum of Modern Art. ISBN978-0870707643.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • MoMA Exhibition History List (1929–Present)
  • MoMA Audio
  • MoMA's YouTube Channel
  • MoMA'south free online courses on Coursera
  • MoMA Learning
  • MoMA Magazine
  • Jeffers, Wendy (November 2004). "Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Patron of the modern". Mag Antiques. 166 (55): 118. 14873617. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2016 – via EBSCOhost.
  • " MoMA to Close, Then Open Doors to a More than Expansive View of Fine art" New York Times, 2019

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art

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